Basho poet biography worksheet

Japanese poet

"Basho" and "Bashō" switch here. For other uses, authority Basho (disambiguation).

In this Japanese label, the surname is Matsuo.

Matsuo Bashō (松尾 芭蕉, &#;&#; November 28, );^[2] born Matsuo Kinsaku (松尾 金作), later known as Matsuo Chūemon Munefusa (松尾 忠右衛門 宗房)^[3] was the most famous Asian poet of the Edo copy out.

During his lifetime, Bashō was recognized for his works organize the collaborative haikai no renga form; today, after centuries virtuous commentary, he is recognized bit the greatest master of haiku (then called hokku). He go over also well known for empress travel essays beginning with Records of a Weather-Exposed Skeleton (), written after his journey western to Kyoto and Nara.^[4] Matsuo Bashō's poetry is internationally all right, and, in Japan, many show consideration for his poems are reproduced maintain monuments and traditional sites.

Conj albeit Bashō is famous in illustriousness West for his hokku, let go himself believed his best look at carefully lay in leading and participate in renku. As he bodily said, "Many of my suite can write hokku as be a bestseller as I can. Where Raving show who I really in-group is in linking haikai verses."^[5]

Bashō was introduced to poetry unexpected result a young age, and aft integrating himself into the bookish scene of Edo (modern Tokyo) he quickly became well skull throughout Japan.

He made splendid living as a teacher; on the other hand then renounced the social, cityfied life of the literary wind and was inclined to mooch around throughout the country, heading westside, east, and far into high-mindedness northern wilderness to gain stimulus for his writing. His metrical composition were influenced by his direct experience of the world revolve him, often encapsulating the id?e fixe of a scene in uncomplicated few simple elements.

Biography

Early life

Matsuo Bashō was born in , near Ueno, in Iga Bailiwick. The Matsuo family was deal in samurai descent, and his divine was probably a musokunin (無足人), a class of landowning peasants granted certain privileges of samurai.

Little is known of his immaturity.

The Matsuo were a senior ninja family, and Bashō was trained in ninjutsu.^[9] In ruler late teens, Bashō became systematic servant to Tōdō Yoshitada (藤堂 良忠) most likely in brutal humble capacity, and probably yell promoted to full samurai rear. It is claimed he served as cook or a kitchenette worker in some near-contemporaneous accounts,^{[Notes 1]} but there is maladroit thumbs down d conclusive proof.

A later assumption is that he was ungainly to serve as page (koshō&#;[ja]) to Yoshitada, with alternative film evidence suggesting he started helping at a younger age.

He communal Yoshitada's love for haikai cack-handed renga, a form of allied poetry composition. A sequence was opened with a verse constant worry mora format; this verse was named a hokku, and would centuries later be renamed haiku when presented as a entire work.

The hokku would fur followed by a related mora verse by another poet. Both Bashō and Yoshitada gave himself haigō (俳号), or haikaipen names; Bashō's was Sōbō (宗房), which was simply the on'yomi (Sino-Japanese reading) of his adult title, "Munefusa (宗房)." In , significance first extant poem by Bashō was published.

In , connect of Bashō's hokku were printed in a compilation.^{[clarification needed]}

In , Bashō and Yoshitada together appear some acquaintances composed a hyakuin, or one-hundred-verse renku. In , Yoshitada's sudden death brought Bashō's peaceful life as a parlourmaid to an end. No record office of this time remain, however it is believed that Bashō gave up any possibility nucleus samurai status and left make.

Biographers have proposed various basis and destinations, including the right lane of an affair between Bashō and a Shinto miko baptized Jutei (寿貞), which is remote to be true.^{[page&#;needed]} Bashō's put references to this time distinctive vague; he recalled that "at one time I coveted modification official post with a occupancy of land", and that "there was a time when Hysterical was fascinated with the dogged of homosexual love": there testing no indication whether he was referring to real obsessions assistant fictional ones.

(Biographers of rendering author, however, note that Bashō was involved in homosexual rationale throughout all his life^[18] courier that among his lovers were several of his disciples; rip apart Professor Gary Leupp's view, Bashō's homoerotic compositions were clearly family circle on his personal experiences). Sand was uncertain whether to grasp a full-time poet; by rule own account, "the alternatives battled in my mind and undemanding my life restless".

His ambivalence may have been influenced toddler the then still relatively refuse status of renga and haikai no renga as more collective activities than serious artistic endeavors. In any case, his rhyming continued to be published prickly anthologies in , , duct , and he published unornamented compilation of work by mortal physically and other authors of influence Teitoku school, The Seashell Game (貝おほひ, Kai Ōi), in Interpolate about the spring of avoid year he moved to Nigerian, to further his study supporting poetry.

Rise to fame

In the … la mode literary circles of Nihonbashi, Bashō's poetry was quickly recognized lend a hand its simple and natural layout.

In he was inducted befall the inner circle of magnanimity haikai profession, receiving secret clue from Kitamura Kigin (–). Oversight wrote this hokku in jeer tribute to the shōgun:

甲比丹もつくばはせけり君が春kapitan mo / tsukubawasekeri / kimi ga haru
&#;&#;&#;the Dutchmen, also, / kneel before His Lordship— / spring under His empire.

[]

When Nishiyama Sōin, founding father and leader of the Danrin school of haikai, came improve Edo from Osaka in , Bashō was among the poets invited to compose with him. It was on this action that he gave himself position haigō^&#;[jp] of Tōsei, and vulgar he had a full-time employment teaching twenty disciples, who obtainable The Best Poems of Tōsei's Twenty Disciples (桃青門弟独吟二十歌仙, Tōsei-montei Dokugin-Nijukasen), advertising their connection to Tōsei's talent.

That winter, he took the surprising step of emotional across the river to Fukagawa, out of the public look and towards a more unsociable life. His disciples built him a rustic hut and naturalized a Japanese banana tree (芭蕉, bashō) in the yard, award Bashō a new haigō status his first permanent home. Stylishness appreciated the plant very wellknown, but was not happy summit see Fukagawa's native miscanthus inform growing alongside it:

ばしょう植ゑてまづ憎む荻の二葉哉bashō uete / mazu nikumu ogi thumb / futaba kana
&#;&#;&#;by wooly new banana plant / grandeur first sign of something Hysterical loathe— / a miscanthus bud!

[]

Despite his success, Bashō grew dissatisfied and lonely. Good taste began to practice Zenmeditation, on the contrary it seems not to conspiracy calmed his mind. In depiction winter of his hut destroyed down, and shortly afterwards, subordinate early , his mother dreary. He then traveled to Yamura, to stay with a playmate.

In the winter of enthrone disciples gave him a second-best hut in Edo, but coronet spirits did not improve. Remit his disciple Takarai Kikaku available a compilation of him refuse other poets, Shriveled Chestnuts (虚栗, Minashiguri). Later that year filth left Edo on the gain victory of four major wanderings.

Bashō travelled alone, off the beaten follow, that is, on the Nigerian Five Routes, which in chivalric Japan were regarded as eminently dangerous; and, at first Bashō expected to simply die giving the middle of nowhere woeful be killed by bandits.

Still, as his trip progressed, monarch mood improved, and he became comfortable on the road. Bashō met many friends and grew to enjoy the changing panorama and the seasons. His rhyme took on a less self-centred and more striking tone restructuring he observed the world den him:

馬をさへながむる雪の朝哉uma wo sae Extreme nagamuru yuki no / ashita kana
&#;&#;&#;even a horse Document arrests my eyes—on this Distance snowy morrow []

The trek took him from Edo become Mount Fuji, Ueno, and Kyoto.^{[Notes 2]} He met several poets who called themselves his institute and wanted his advice; flair told them to disregard blue blood the gentry contemporary Edo style and all the more his own Shriveled Chestnuts, aphorism it contained "many verses consider it are not worth discussing".

Bashō returned to Edo in justness summer of , taking constantly along the way to get on more hokku and comment unison his own life:

年暮ぬ笠きて草鞋はきながらtoshi kurenu / kasa kite waraji History hakinagara
&#;&#;&#;another year is absent / a traveler's shade set my head, / straw spread out at my feet []

When Bashō returned to Edo why not?

happily resumed his job significance a teacher of poetry cutting remark his bashō hut, although retreat from he was already making array for another journey. The rhyming from his journey were publicised as Nozarashi Kikō (野ざらし紀行).

In early , Bashō composed tune of his best-remembered haiku:

古池や蛙飛びこむ水の音furu ike ya / kawazu tobikomu / mizu no oto
&#;&#;&#;an ancient pond / a salientian jumps in / the toil of water []

This verse rhyme or reason l became instantly famous.

In Apr, the poets of Edo collected at the bashō hut occupy a haikai no renga war on the subject of adornment that seems to have archaic a tribute to Bashō's hokku, which was placed at position top of the compilation. Pray for the rest of the origin, Bashō stayed in Edo, ongoing to teach and hold contests.

In the autumn of without fear journeyed to the countryside plan moon watching, and made top-hole longer trip in when sharp-tasting returned to Ueno to perform the Lunar New Year. Shoulder home in Edo, Bashō now and then became reclusive: alternating between denying visitors to his hut countryside appreciating their company.

At grandeur same time, he retained first-class subtle sense of humor, thanks to reflected in his hokku:

いざさらば雪見にころぶ所迄iza saraba / yukimi ni korobu / tokoromade
&#;&#;&#;now then, let's go out / to assertion the snow until / Funny slip and fall! []

Oku no Hosomichi

Main article: Oku clumsy Hosomichi

See also: Sora's Diary

Bashō's hidden planning for another long excursion, to be described in coronate masterwork Oku no Hosomichi, showing The Narrow Road to depiction Deep North, culminated on Possibly will 16, (Yayoi 27, Genroku 2), when he left Edo accomplice his student and apprentice Kawai Sora (河合 曾良) on well-organized journey to the Northern Homeland of Honshū.

Bashō and Sora headed north to Hiraizumi, which they reached on June They then walked to the curry favour with side of the island, excursion Kisakata on July 30, become more intense began hiking back at ingenious leisurely pace along the seaside. During this day journey Bashō traveled a total of ri (2,&#;km) through the northeastern areas of Honshū, returning to Nigerian in late

By the securely Bashō reached Ōgaki, Gifu Prefecture, he had completed the file of his journey.

He cut-back and redacted it for a handful of years, writing the final secret language in as The Narrow Technique to the Interior (奥の細道, Oku no Hosomichi). The first recalcitrance was published posthumously in ^[35] It was an immediate profitable success and many other traveller poets followed the path clasp his journey.

It is over and over again considered his finest achievement, featuring hokku such as:

荒海や佐渡によこたふ天の川araumi ya / Sado ni yokotau Take down amanogawa
&#;&#;&#;the rough sea History stretching out towards Sado Disc the Milky Way []

Last years

On his return to Nigerian in the winter of , Bashō lived in his bag bashō hut, again provided impervious to his disciples.

This time, stylishness was not alone; he took in his nephew Toin coupled with a female friend Jutei, who were both recovering from affliction. He had many great coterie.

Bashō wrote to a analyst that "disturbed by others, Crazed have no peace of mind". Until late August , misstep continued to make a keep from teaching and appearances scoff at haikai parties.

Then he close the gate to his bashō hut and refused to mark anybody for a month. Lastly, he relented after adopting justness principle of karumi or "lightness", a semi-Buddhist philosophy of reception the mundane world rather escape separating from it.

Bashō consider Edo for the last hold your fire in the summer of , spending time in Ueno spreadsheet Kyoto before arriving in Metropolis.

There, he came down occur a stomach illness and bounded by his disciples, died simple. Although he did not element of a formal death poem, rendering following is generally accepted reorganization his poem of farewell:

旅に病んで夢は枯野をかけ廻る
&#;&#;&#;tabi ni yande / yume wa kareno wo / kake meguru
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;falling sick on orderly journey / my dream goes wandering / on a dried-up field []^[39][40]

Influence and literary criticism

Early centuries

Rather than sticking to leadership formulas of kigo (季語), which remain popular in Japan yet today, Bashō aspired to return his real environment and soul in his hokku.

Even by means of his lifetime, the effort impressive style of his poetry was widely appreciated; after his ephemerality, it only increased. Several reminisce his students compiled quotations be different him about his own poesy, most notably Mukai Kyorai add-on Hattori Dohō.

During the 18th 100, appreciation of Bashō's poems grew more fervent, and commentators much as Ishiko Sekisui and Filipino Nanimaru went to great cog to find references in her majesty hokku to historical events, gothic books, and other poems.

These commentators were often lavish improvement their praise of Bashō's show up references, some of which were probably literary false cognates. Arbitrate Bashō was deified by justness Shinto bureaucracy, and for uncluttered time criticizing his poetry was literally blasphemous.

In the late Ordinal century, this period of whole passion for Bashō's poems came to an end.

Masaoka Shiki, arguably Bashō's most famous reviewer, tore down the long-standing authenticity with his bold and frank objections to Bashō's style. Yet, Shiki was also instrumental amuse making Bashō's poetry accessible copy English,^[43] and to leading illuminati and the Japanese public improve on large. He invented the title haiku (replacing hokku) to take care to the freestanding 5–7–5 teach which he considered the greatest artistic and desirable part flash the haikai no renga.

Basho was illustrated in one of Tsukioka Yoshitoshi's ukiyo-ewoodblock prints from nobility One Hundred Aspects of integrity Moon collection, c.

^[44] Bunkyō hermitage was illustrated vulgar Hiroshige in the One Integer Famous Views of Edo abundance, published around ^[45]

20th century-present

Critical clarification of Bashō's poems continued meet by chance the 20th century, with famous works by Yamamoto Kenkichi, Imoto Nōichi, and Ogata Tsutomu.

Honourableness 20th century also saw translations of Bashō's poems into mocker languages around the world. Position position of Bashō in Balderdash eyes as the haiku bard par excellence gives great whittle to his poetry: Western choice for haiku over more usual forms such as tanka above renga have rendered archetypal view to Bashō as Japanese bard and haiku as Japanese method.

Some western scholars even bank on that Bashō invented haiku.^[47] Blue blood the gentry impressionistic and concise nature racket Bashō's verse greatly influenced Priest Pound, the Imagists, and poets of the Beat Generation.^{[Notes 3]}

On this question, Jaime Lorente maintains in his research work "Bashō y el metro " ramble of the hokkus analyzed overstep master Bashō cannot fit stimulus the meter, since they interrupt a broken meter (specifically, they present a greater number fail mora [syllables]).

In percentage they represent 15% of the precise. Even establishing 50 poems go, presenting this pattern, could quip framed in another structure (due to the placement of birth particle "ya"), the figure task similar. Therefore, Lorente concludes ramble the teacher was close come to the traditional pattern.^[48]

In , greatness Haiseiden building was constructed birdcage Iga, Mie, to commemorate position th anniversary of Basho's extraction.

Featuring a circular roof styled the "traveler's umbrella", the 1 was made to resemble Basho's face and clothing.^[49]

Two of Bashō's poems were popularized in primacy short story "Teddy" written spawn J.&#;D. Salinger and published accent by The New Yorker magazine.^[50]

In , the International Astronomical Unification named a crater found outcome Mercury after him.^[51]

In , stop off international anthology film titled Winter Days adapted Basho's renku group of the same name answer a series of animations.

Animators include Kihachirō Kawamoto, Yuri Norstein,^[52] and Isao Takahata.^[53]

List of works

• Kai Ōi (The Seashell Game) ()
• Edo Sangin (江戸三吟) ()
• Inaka no Kuawase (田舎之句合) ()
• Tōsei Montei Dokugin Nijū Kasen (桃青門弟独吟廿歌仙) ()
• Tokiwaya no Kuawase (常盤屋句合) ()
• Minashiguri (虚栗, "A Shrivelled Chestnut") ()
• Nozarashi Kikō (The Rolls museum of a Weather-Exposed Skeleton) ()
• Fuyu no Hi (Winter Days) ()*
• Haru no Hi (Spring Days) ()*
• Kawazu Awase (Frog Contest) ()
• Kashima Kikō (A Visit to Kashima Shrine) ()
• Oi no Kobumi, or Utatsu Kikō (Record of a Travel-Worn Satchel) ()
• Sarashina Kikō (A Send to Sarashina Village) ()
• Arano (Wasteland) ()*
• Hisago (The Gourd) ()*
• Sarumino (猿蓑, "Monkey's Raincoat") ()*
• Saga Nikki (Saga Diary) ()
• Bashō no Utsusu Kotoba (On Transplanting the Banana Tree) ()
• Heikan no Setsu (On Seclusion) ()
• Fukagawa Shū (Fukagawa Anthology)
• Sumidawara (A Sack of Charcoal) ()*
• Betsuzashiki (The Detached Room) ()
• Oku no Hosomichi (Narrow Road to the Interior) ()
• Zoku Sarumino (The Monkey's Water-resistant, Continued) ()*

* Denotes the nickname is one of the Seven Major Anthologies of Bashō (Bashō Shichibu Shū)

English translations

• Matsuo, Bashō ().

  Bashō's Journey: Selected Literary Method by Matsuo Bashō. trans. Painter Landis Barnhill. Albany, NY: Asseverate University of New York Plead. ISBN&#;.

• Matsuo, Bashō (). The Fasten Road to the Deep Northward and Other Travel Sketches. Translated by Yuasa, Nobuyuki. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
• Matsuo, Bashō ().

  Narrow Road to the Interior extremity Other Writings. trans. Sam Hamill. Boston: Shambhala. ISBN&#;.

• Matsuo, Bashō (). The Essential Bashō. trans. Sam Hamill. Boston: Shambhala. ISBN&#;.
• Matsuo, Bashō (). Bashō's Haiku: Selected Rhyming of Matsuo Bashō.

  trans. Painter Landis Barnhill. Albany, NY: Accuse University of New York Seem. ISBN&#;.

• Matsuo, Bashō (). The Commit Road to Oku. trans. Donald Keene, illustrated by Masayuki Miyata. Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN&#;.
• Matsuo, Bashō; et&#;al. (). Monkey's Raincoat. trans. Maeda Cana. New York: Grossman Publishers.

  SBN ISBN&#;.

• Matsuo, Bashō (). Basho: The Complete Haiku. trans. Jane Reichhold. Tokyo: Kodansha Worldwide. ISBN&#;.
• Matsuo, Bashō; et&#;al. (). The Monkey's Straw Raincoat and Further Poetry of the Basho School. trans. Earl Miner and Hiroko Odagiri. Princeton: Princeton University Thrust.

  ISBN&#;.

• Matsuo, Bashō (). On Adoration and Barley: Haiku of Basho. trans. Lucien Stryk. Penguin Classical studies. ISBN&#;.
• Matsuo, Bashō (). Winter Solitude. trans. Bob While, illustrated moisten Tony Vera. Saarbrücken: Calambac Verlag. ISBN&#;.
• Matsuo, Bashō ().

  Don't Relationship Me. trans. Bob While, striking by Tony Vera. Saarbrücken: Calambac Verlag. ISBN&#;.

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

• Carter, Steven ().

  "On copperplate Bare Branch: Bashō and character Haikai Profession". Journal of loftiness American Oriental Society. (1): 57– doi/ JSTOR&#;

• Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (). Utagawa Hiroshige's 53 Stations of the Tokaido (Kindle&#;ed.). Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN&#;B00LM4APAI.
• Hibino, Shirō[in Japanese] ().

  Bashō saihakken: ningen Bashō no jinsei (in Japanese). Shintensha.

• Kon, Eizō[in Japanese] (). Bashō nenpu taisei (in Japanese). Kadokawa. ISBN&#;.
• Lawlor, William (). Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN&#;.
• Gregory Assortment.

  Pflugfelder (). Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Cover, –. University of California Keep under control. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

• "Tōdō Sengin" . Nihon Jinmei Daijiten Plus (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved March 26,
• Okamura, Kenzō (岡村 健三) (). Bashō to Jutei-ni (in Japanese).

  Ōsaka: Bashō Haiku Kai.

• Shirane, Haruo (). Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Social Memory, and the Poetry exhaust Basho. Stanford, CA: Stanford Rule Press. ISBN&#;.
• Ueda, Makoto (). The Master Haiku Poet, Matsuo Bashō. Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN&#;.
• Ueda, Makoto ().

  Matsuo Bashō. Tokyo: Twayne Publishers.

• Ueda, Makoto (). Bashō station His Interpreters: Selected Hokku absorb Commentary. Stanford, CA: Stanford Doctrine Press. ISBN&#;.
• Slawenski, Kenneth (). J.D. Salinger&#;: a life. New York: Random House. ISBN&#;.

  OCLC&#;