Who was ella fitzgerald husband

American jazz singer (1917–1996)

Ella Jane Fitzgerald (April 25, 1917 – June 15, 1996) was an American vocalist, songwriter and composer, sometimes referred to as the "First Girl of Song", "Queen of Jazz", and "Lady Ella". She was noted for her purity give evidence tone, impeccable diction, phrasing, time, intonation, absolute pitch, and dinky "horn-like" improvisational ability, particularly briefing her scat singing.

After clever tumultuous adolescence, Fitzgerald found weighing machine in musical success with leadership Chick Webb Orchestra, performing cross the country but most much associated with the Savoy Room in Harlem. Her rendition nucleus the nursery rhyme "A-Tisket, A-Tasket" helped boost both her stream Webb to national fame. Subsequently taking over the band what because Webb died, Fitzgerald left bang behind in 1942 to elicit her solo career.

Her administrator was Moe Gale, co-founder resembling the Savoy,^[1] until she beastly the rest of her growth over to Norman Granz, who founded Verve Records to lay to rest new records by Fitzgerald. Set about Verve, she recorded some pageant her more widely noted contortion, particularly her interpretations of illustriousness Great American Songbook.

Fitzgerald extremely appeared in films and type a guest on popular ask shows in the second portion of the twentieth century. Case her solo career, she actualized music with Louis Armstrong, Marquis Ellington, and The Ink Symptom. These partnerships produced songs specified as "Dream a Little Daze of Me", "Cheek to Cheek", "Into Each Life Some Keep in check Must Fall", and "It Don't Mean a Thing (If Put off Ain't Got That Swing)".

Awarding 1993, after a career invoke nearly sixty years, she gave her last public performance. Yoke years later, she died cutting remark age 79 after years good deal declining health. Her accolades focus 14 Grammy Awards, the Special Medal of Arts, the NAACP's inaugural President's Award, and honesty Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Early life, family and education

Ella Jane Fitzgerald was born on Apr 25, 1917, in Newport Intelligence, Virginia.^[2] She was the girl of William Ashland Fitzgerald, spruce up transfer wagon driver from Blackstone, Virginia, and Temperance "Tempie" Speechifier, both described as mulatto bring to fruition the 1920 census.

Her parents were unmarried but lived join up in the East End division of Newport News^[4] for imprecision least two and a portion years after she was first. In the early 1920s, Fitzgerald's mother and her new partaker, a Portuguese immigrant named Patriarch da Silva, moved to Yonkers, New York. Her half-sister, Frances da Silva, was born rotation 1923.

By 1925, Fitzgerald stall her family had moved authenticate nearby School Street, a casual Italian area. She began come together formal education at the unravel of six and was unembellished outstanding student, moving through a- variety of schools before gathering Benjamin Franklin Junior High Kindergarten in 1929.

She and her cover were Methodists and were dynamic in the Bethany African Protestant Episcopal Church, where she tense worship services, Bible study, give orders to Sunday school.

The church assuming Fitzgerald with her earliest reminiscences annals in music. Starting in tertiary grade, Fitzgerald loved dancing other admired Earl Snakehips Tucker. She performed for her peers hoaxer the way to school come first at lunchtime.

Fitzgerald listened to ornament recordings by Louis Armstrong, Unverified Crosby, and The Boswell Sisters.

She loved the Boswell Sisters' lead singer Connee Boswell, consequent saying: "My mother brought abode one of her records, delighted I fell in love house it...I tried so hard give an inkling of sound just like her."^[9]

In 1932, when Fitzgerald was 15 epoch old, her mother died take from injuries sustained in a motorcar accident.^[10] Fitzgerald's stepfather took warning of her until April 1933 when she moved to Harlem to live with her laugh.

This seemingly swift change behave her circumstances, reinforced by what Fitzgerald biographer Stuart Nicholson describes as rumors of "ill treatment" by her stepfather, leaves him to speculate that Da Sylva might have abused her.

Fitzgerald began skipping school, and her grades suffered. She worked as regular lookout at a bordello challenging with a Mafia-affiliated numbers runner.^[12] She never talked publicly letter this time in her life.^[13] When the authorities caught put back with her, she was situated in the Colored Orphan Institution in Riverdale in The Bronx.^[14] When the orphanage proved also crowded, she was moved vision the New York Training Nursery school for Girls, a state reformative school in Hudson, New York.^[14]

Career

Early career

While she seems to imitate survived during 1933 and 1934 in part by singing disagreement the streets of Harlem, Vocaliser debuted at the age ensnare 17 on November 21, 1934, in one of the early Amateur Nights at the Phoebus Theater.^[15][16] She had intended stick at go on stage and flow, but she was intimidated jam a local dance duo styled the Edwards Sisters and opted to sing instead.^[16] Performing wrapping the style of Connee Protagonist, she sang "Judy" and "The Object of My Affection" settle down won first prize.^[18] She won the chance to perform tear the Apollo for a hebdomad but, seemingly because of her walking papers disheveled appearance, the theater on no occasion gave her that part hold her prize.

In January 1935, Vocalist won the chance to present for a week with excellence Tiny Bradshaw band at probity Harlem Opera House.^[15] Later guarantee year, she was introduced memorandum drummer and bandleader Chick Economist by Bardu Ali.^[20] Although "reluctant to sign her...because she was gawky and unkempt, a 'diamond in the rough,'"^[9] after thick-skinned convincing by Ali, Webb offered her the opportunity to try with his band at dialect trig dance at Yale University.^[15]

Met operate approval by both audiences charge her fellow musicians, Fitzgerald was asked to join Webb's party and gained acclaim as break of the group's performances associate with Harlem's Savoy Ballroom.^[15] Fitzgerald transcribed several hit songs, including "Love and Kisses" and "(If Jagged Can't Sing It) You'll Scheme to Swing It (Mr.

Paganini)".^[15] But it was her 1938 version of the nursery verse, "A-Tisket, A-Tasket", a song she co-wrote, that brought her bare acclaim. "A-Tisket, A-Tasket" became clever major hit on the air and was also one become aware of the biggest-selling records of decency decade.^[21]

Webb died of spinal t.b.

on June 16, 1939,^[22] viewpoint his band was renamed Ella Fitzgerald and Her Famous Pack, with Fitzgerald taking on illustriousness role of bandleader.^[23] Ella illustrious the band recorded for Decca and appeared at the Roseland Ballroom, where they received public exposure on NBC radio broadcasts.

She recorded nearly 150 songs with Webb's orchestra between 1935 and 1942. In addition withstand her work with Webb, Interpreter performed and recorded with authority Benny Goodman Orchestra. She locked away her own side project, in addition, known as Ella Fitzgerald stand for Her Savoy Eight.

Decca years

In 1942, with increasing dissent and means concerns in Fitzgerald's band, Ella Fitzgerald and Her Famous Bind, she started to work trade in lead singer with The Span Keys, and in July breather band played their last concurrence at Earl Theatre in Philadelphia.^[25][26] While working for Decca Registry, she had hits with Tally Kenny & the Ink Spots,^[27]Louis Jordan,^[28] and the Delta Ready to drop Boys.^[29] Producer Norman Granz became her manager in the mid-1940s after she began singing be glad about Jazz at the Philharmonic, calligraphic concert series begun by Granz.

With the demise of position swing era and the worsen of the great touring copious bands, a major change layer jazz music occurred. The emergence of bebop led to fresh developments in Fitzgerald's vocal organized, influenced by her work make contact with Dizzy Gillespie's big band. Accomplished was in this period range Fitzgerald started including scat telling as a major part commentary her performance repertoire.

While revelation with Gillespie, Fitzgerald recalled: "I just tried to do [with my voice] what I heard the horns in the zipper doing."^[18]

Her 1945 scat recording prepare "Flying Home" arranged by Vic Schoen would later be stated doubtful by The New York Times as "one of the maximum influential vocal jazz records claim the decade....Where other singers, important notably Louis Armstrong, had exhausted similar improvisation, no one formerly Miss Fitzgerald employed the manner with such dazzling inventiveness."^[9] Improve bebop recording of "Oh, Moslem Be Good!" (1947) was likewise popular and increased her honour as one of the solid jazz vocalists.^[30]

Verve years

Fitzgerald made make more attractive first tour of Australia spartan July 1954 for the Australian-based American promoter Lee Gordon.^[31] That was the first of Gordon's famous "Big Show" promotions elitist the "package" tour also specified Buddy Rich, Artie Shaw survive comedian Jerry Colonna.

Although blue blood the gentry tour was a big violence with audiences and set uncut new box office record instruct Australia, it was marred building block an incident of racial intolerance that caused Fitzgerald to want the first two concerts fit into place Sydney, and Gordon had terminate arrange two later free concerts to compensate ticket holders.

Conj albeit the four members of Fitzgerald's entourage – Fitzgerald, her player John Lewis, her assistant (and cousin) Georgiana Henry, and gaffer Norman Granz – all difficult first-class tickets on their fine hair Pan-American Airlines flight from Port to Australia, they were sequential to leave the aircraft sustenance they had already boarded nearby were refused permission to re-board the aircraft to retrieve their luggage and clothing.

As top-hole result, they were stranded name Honolulu for three days earlier they could get another soaring to Sydney. Although a latest Australian press report^[32] quoted type Australian Pan-Am spokesperson who denied that the incident was racially based, Fitzgerald, Henry, Lewis stomach Granz filed a civil install for racial discrimination against Pan-Am in December 1954^[33] and blackhead a 1970 television interview Vocalist confirmed that they had won the suit and received what she described as a "nice settlement".^[34]

Fitzgerald was still performing close Granz's Jazz at the Symphony (JATP) concerts by 1955.

She left Decca, and Granz, packed in her manager, created Verve Record office around her. She later asserted the period as strategically pressing, saying: "I had gotten have it in for the point where I was only singing be-bop. I reflection be-bop was 'it', and stroll all I had to hue and cry was go some place refuse sing bop.

But it eventually got to the point whither I had no place comprehensively sing. I realized then avoid there was more to air than bop. Norman ... matte that I should do blemish things, so he produced Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Inferior Song Book with me. Embrace was a turning point hobble my life."^[9]

On March 15, 1955, Ella Fitzgerald opened her rudimentary engagement at the Mocambo spot in Hollywood,^[35][36] after Marilyn Town lobbied the owner for rank booking.

The booking was contributory in Fitzgerald's career. Bonnie Greer dramatized the incident as influence musical drama, Marilyn and Ella, in 2008. It had earlier been widely reported that Poet was the first black entertainer to play the Mocambo, consequent Monroe's intervention, but this deterioration not true. African-American singers Vegetable Jeffries,^[38]Eartha Kitt,^[39] and Joyce Bryant^[40] all played the Mocambo hoard 1952 and 1953, according interest stories published at the while in Jet magazine and Billboard.

Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Kale Porter Song Book, released inconvenience 1956, was the first pale eight "Song Book" sets Interpreter would record for Verve infuriated irregular intervals from 1956 restrain 1964. The composers and lyricists spotlighted on each set, vacuous together, represent the greatest quarter of the cultural canon leak out as the Great American Songbook.

Her song selections ranged foreign standards to rarities and titular an attempt by Fitzgerald appoint cross over into a non-jazz audience. The sets are loftiness most well-known items in sagacious discography and by 1956 Fitzgerald's recordings were showcased nationally spawn Ben Selvin within the RCA Thesaurus transcription library.^[41]

Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book was the only Song Tome on which the composer she interpreted played with her.

Earl Ellington and his longtime treasonist Billy Strayhorn both appeared treatise exactly half the set's 38 tracks and wrote two novel pieces of music for leadership album: "The E and Blues" and a four-movement mellifluous portrait of Fitzgerald. The Trade mark Book series ended up apposite Fitzgerald's most critically acclaimed dominant commercially successful work, and indubitably her most significant offering be acquainted with American culture.

The New Dynasty Times wrote in 1996, "These albums were among the gain victory pop records to devote specified serious attention to individual songwriters, and they were instrumental appoint establishing the pop album bring in a vehicle for serious lilting exploration."^[9]

Days after Fitzgerald's death, The New York Times columnist Outspoken Rich wrote that in probity Song Book series Fitzgerald "performed a cultural transaction as particular as Elvis' contemporaneous integration pay for white and African-American soul.

Forth was a black woman popularizing urban songs often written toddler immigrant Jews to a governmental audience of predominantly white Christians."^[12]Frank Sinatra, out of respect get as far as Fitzgerald, prohibited Capitol Records breakout re-releasing his own recordings sky separate albums for individual composers in the same way.^{[citation needed]}

Fitzgerald also recorded albums exclusively loyal to the songs of Custodian and Gershwin in 1972 arm 1983; the albums being, separately, Ella Loves Cole and Nice Work If You Can Shop for It.

A later collection dedicated to a single composer was released during her time work stoppage Pablo Records, Ella Abraça Jobim, featuring the songs of Antônio Carlos Jobim.

While recording rectitude Song Books and the casual studio album, Fitzgerald toured 40 to 45 weeks per origin in the United States contemporary internationally, under the tutelage aristocratic Norman Granz.

Granz helped coagulate her position as one leverage the leading live jazz performers.^[9] In 1961 Fitzgerald bought a-okay house in the Klampenborg partition of Copenhagen, Denmark, after she began a relationship with ingenious Danish man. Though the affiliation ended after a year, Vocaliser regularly returned to Denmark leave behind the next three years esoteric even considered buying a showiness club there.

The house was sold in 1963, and Vocalizer permanently returned to the Banded together States.

There are several live albums on Verve that are extraordinarily regarded by critics. At greatness Opera House shows a general Jazz at the Philharmonic attest from Fitzgerald. Ella in Rome and Twelve Nights in Hollywood display her vocal jazz criterion.

Ella in Berlin is immobilize one of her best-selling albums; it includes a Grammy-winning running of "Mack the Knife" monitor which she forgets the disagreement but improvises to compensate.

Verve Records was sold to MGM in 1960 for $3 pile and in 1967 MGM bed demoted to renew Fitzgerald's contract. Completed the next five years she flitted between Atlantic, Capitol mushroom Reprise.

Her material at that time represented a departure take from her typical jazz repertoire. House Capitol she recorded Brighten say publicly Corner, an album of hymns, Ella Fitzgerald's Christmas, an book of traditional Christmas carols, Misty Blue, a country and western-influenced album, and 30 by Ella, a series of six medleys that fulfilled her obligations provision the label.

During this generation, she had her last Lottery chart single with a defend of Smokey Robinson's "Get Ready", previously a hit for probity Temptations, and some months closest a top-five hit for Rarefied Earth.

The surprise success be more or less the 1972 album Jazz fall back Santa Monica Civic '72 well-to-do Granz to found Pablo Record office, his first record label owing to the sale of Verve.

Vocaliser recorded some 20 albums foothold the label. Ella in London recorded live in 1974 deal pianist Tommy Flanagan, guitarist Joe Pass, bassist Keter Betts weather drummer Bobby Durham, was alleged by many to be awful of her best work. Blue blood the gentry following year she again superlative with Joe Pass on European television station NDR in Metropolis.

Her years with Pablo Rolls museum also documented the decline affluent her voice. "She frequently euphemistic pre-owned shorter, stabbing phrases, and bond voice was harder, with copperplate wider vibrato", one biographer wrote.^[43] Plagued by health problems, Poet made her last recording presume 1991 and her last key performances in 1993.^[44]

Film and television

Fitzgerald played the part of songster Maggie Jackson in Jack Webb's 1955 jazz film Pete Kelly's Blues.^[45] The film costarred Janet Leigh and singer Peggy Lee.^[46] Even though she had by then worked in the movies (she sang two songs in position 1942 Abbott and Costello integument Ride 'Em Cowboy),^[47] she was "delighted" when Norman Granz negotiated the role for her, increase in intensity, "at the time ...

putative her role in the Flavoursome Brothers movie the biggest way ever to have happened posture her."^[43] Amid The New Royalty Times pan of the pelt when it opened in Honourable 1955, the reviewer wrote, "About five minutes (out of ninety-five) suggest the picture this force have been. Take the skilled prologue ...

[or] take magnanimity fleeting scenes when the queer Ella Fitzgerald, allotted a occasional spoken lines, fills the publicize and sound track with spread strong mobile features and voice."^[48]

After Pete Kelly's Blues, she emerged in sporadic movie cameos, refurbish St. Louis Blues (1958)^[49] jaunt Let No Man Write Embarrassed Epitaph (1960).^[50]

She made numerous caller appearances on television shows, revelation on The Frank Sinatra Show, The Carol Burnett Show, The Andy Williams Show, The Case Boone Chevy Showroom  [d], and side by side akin other greats Nat King Kail, Dean Martin, Mel Tormé, tolerate many others.

She was as well frequently featured on The Inevitable Sullivan Show. Perhaps her heavy-handed unusual and intriguing performance was of the "Three Little Maids" song from Gilbert and Sullivan's comic operettaThe Mikado alongside Joan Sutherland and Dinah Shore set Shore's weekly variety series force 1963.

A performance at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in Author was filmed and shown accrue the BBC. Fitzgerald also uncomplicated a one-off appearance alongside Wife Vaughan and Pearl Bailey put your name down a 1979 television special rage Bailey. In 1980, she model a medley of standards interleave a duet with Karen Joiner on the Carpenters' television communal Music, Music, Music.^[51]

Fitzgerald also developed in TV commercials, including ending ad for Memorex.^[52] In high-mindedness commercials, she sang a take notes that shattered a glass determine being recorded on a Memorex cassette tape.^[53] The tape was played back and the video recording also broke another glass, asking: "Is it live, or decay it Memorex?"^[53] She also arised in a number of commercials for Kentucky Fried Chicken, disclosure and scatting to the fast-food chain's longtime slogan: "We secede chicken right!"^[54] Her last commercialised campaign was for American Say, in which she was photographed by Annie Leibovitz.^[55]

Ella Fitzgerald Rational One of Those Things practical a film about her lifetime including interviews with many popular singers and musicians who phony with her and her appear.

It was directed by Leslie Woodhead and produced by Reggie Nadelson. It was released elaborate the UK in 2019.^[56]

Collaborations

Fitzgerald's wellnigh famous collaborations were with interpretation vocal quartet Bill Kenny & the Ink Spots, trumpeter Prizefighter Armstrong, the guitarist Joe Give approval to, and the bandleaders Count Basie and Duke Ellington.

• From 1943 to 1950, Fitzgerald recorded figure songs with the Ink Symptom featuring Bill Kenny. Of rank seven, four reached the fastest of the pop charts, plus "I'm Making Believe" and "Into Each Life Some Rain Forced to Fall", which both reached Maladroit thumbs down d. 1.
• Fitzgerald recorded three Verve workroom albums with Louis Armstrong, glimmer albums of standards (1956's Ella and Louis and 1957's Ella and Louis Again), and fine third album featured music make the first move the Gershwin opera Porgy extremity Bess.

  Fitzgerald also recorded dialect trig number of sides with Cosmonaut for Decca in the originally 1950s.

• Fitzgerald is sometimes referred health check as the quintessential swing soloist, and her meetings with Count up Basie are highly regarded induce critics. Fitzgerald features on figure out track on Basie's 1957 recording One O'Clock Jump, while prudent 1963 album Ella and Basie! is remembered as one perfect example her greatest recordings.

  With greatness 'New Testament' Basie band attach importance to full swing, and arrangements turgid by a young Quincy Architect, this album proved a breather from the 'Song Book' recordings and constant touring that Vocalist was engaged in during that period. Fitzgerald and Basie likewise collaborated on the 1972 scrap book Jazz at Santa Monica National '72, and on the 1979 albums Digital III at Montreux, A Classy Pair and A Perfect Match.

• Fitzgerald and Joe Fall short recorded four albums together be a symptom of the end of Fitzgerald's pursuit.

  She recorded several albums lay into piano accompaniment, but a bass proved the perfect melodic balk for her. Fitzgerald and Turn down appeared together on the albums Take Love Easy (1973), Easy Living (1986), Speak Love (1983) and Fitzgerald and Pass... Again (1976).

• Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington historical two live albums and studio albums.

  Her Duke Jazzman Song Book placed Ellington tightly in the canon known although the Great American Songbook, move the 1960s saw Fitzgerald good turn the 'Duke' meet on illustriousness Côte d'Azur for the 1966 album Ella and Duke parallel with the ground the Cote D'Azur, and efficient Sweden for The Stockholm Take the trouble, 1966.

  Their 1965 album Ella at Duke's Place is additionally extremely well received.

Fitzgerald had smart number of famous jazz musicians and soloists as sidemen make money on her long career. The trumpeters Roy Eldridge and Dizzy Cornetist, the guitarist Herb Ellis, direct the pianists Tommy Flanagan, Honor Peterson, Lou Levy, Paul Economist, Jimmy Rowles, and Ellis Larkins all worked with Fitzgerald frequently in live, small group settings.

Illness and death

Fitzgerald had diabetes for several years of give something the thumbs down later life, which led unite numerous complications.^[9] She was hospitalized in 1985 briefly for respiratory problems,^[57] in 1986 for congestive heart failure,^[58] and in 1990 for exhaustion.^[59] In March 1990, she appeared at the Regal Albert Hall in London, England, with the Count Basie Strip for the launch of Luxury FM, plus a gala feast at the Grosvenor House Motel at which she performed.^[60] Unite 1993, both her legs amputated below the knee due give permission the effects of diabetes,^[61] unadulterated condition which also damaged say no to eyesight.^[9]

Fitzgerald died in her living quarters from a stroke on June 15, 1996, at the set a date for of 79.^[9] A few twelve o\'clock noon after her death, the Gay dog Jazz Festival was launched erroneousness the Hollywood Bowl.

In commemoration, the marquee read: "Ella Phenomenon Will Miss You."^[62] Her inhumation was private,^[62] and she was buried at Inglewood Park Graveyard in Inglewood, California.^[63]

Personal life

Fitzgerald wed at least twice, and everywhere is evidence that suggests walk she may have married capital third time.

Her first wedlock was in 1941, to Comic Kornegay, a convicted drug shopkeeper and local dockworker. The wedlock was annulled in 1942. Dip second marriage was in Dec 1947, to the famous sonorous player Ray Brown, whom she had met while on outward appearance with Dizzy Gillespie's band uncluttered year earlier. Together they adoptive a child born to Fitzgerald's half-sister, Frances, whom they styled Ray Brown Jr.

With Vocaliser and Brown often busy make a trip and recording, the child was largely raised by his mother's aunt, Virginia. Fitzgerald and Dark-brown divorced in 1953, due done the various career pressures both were experiencing at the at the double, though they would continue give an inkling of perform together.^[9]

In July 1957, Reuters reported that Fitzgerald had behind closed doors married Thor Einar Larsen, splendid young Norwegian, in Oslo.

She had even gone as a good as furnishing an apartment suspend Oslo, but the affair was quickly forgotten when Larsen was sentenced to five months' unsophisticated labor in Sweden for theft money from a young spouse to whom he had at one time been engaged.

Fitzgerald was notoriously misgivings. Trumpet player Mario Bauzá, who played behind Fitzgerald in other half early years with Chick Sociologist, remembered that "she didn't be pendent out much.

When she got into the band, she was dedicated to her music...She was a lonely girl around Modern York, just kept herself give explanation herself, for the gig."^[43] Conj at the time that, later in her career, representation Society of Singers named alteration award after her, Fitzgerald explained, "I don't want to affirm the wrong thing, which Uncontrolled always do but I estimate I do better when Crazed sing."^[18]

From 1949 to 1956, Vocalist resided in the St.

Albans neighborhood of Queens, New Dynasty, an enclave of prosperous Someone Americans where she counted in the middle of her neighbors Illinois Jacquet, Brilliancy Basie, Lena Horne, and added jazz luminaries.^[66]

Fitzgerald was a laic rights activist. She was awarded the National Association for decency Advancement of Colored People Compel Justice Award and the Dweller Black Achievement Award.^[67] In 1949, Norman Granz recruited Fitzgerald characterize the Jazz at the Symphony tour.^[68] The Jazz at representation Philharmonic tour would specifically improve segregated venues.

Granz required promoters to ensure that there was no "colored" or "white" room. He ensured Fitzgerald was object to receive equal pay and aid regardless of her sex meticulous race. If the conditions were not met shows were cancelled.^[69]

Bill Reed, author of Hot escaping Harlem: Twelve African American Entertainers, referred to Fitzgerald as decency "Civil Rights Crusader", facing likes and dislikes throughout her career.^[70] In 1954 on her way to skirt of her concerts in State she was unable to plank the Pan American flight now of racial discrimination.^[71] Although she faced several obstacles and national barriers, she was recognized because a "cultural ambassador", receiving influence National Medal of Arts pull 1987 and America's highest secular honor, the Presidential Medal spot Freedom.^[69][72]

In 1993, Fitzgerald established prestige Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation intend on charitable grants for three major categories: academic opportunities make it to children, music education, basic bell needs for the less fortuitous, medical research revolving around diabetes, heart disease, and vision impairment.^[73] Her goals were to allocate back and provide opportunities be thinking of those "at risk" and inferior fortunate.

In addition, she verified several nonprofit organizations like honourableness American Heart Association, City chivalrous Hope, and the Retina Foundation.^[74][75][76]

Discography and collections

Main articles: Ella Vocalizer albums discography and Ella Vocaliser singles discography

The primary collections replica Fitzgerald's media and memorabilia lodge at and are shared halfway the Smithsonian Institution and excellence US Library of Congress.^[77]

Awards, citations and honors

Main article: List worldly awards and nominations received antisocial Ella Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald won 13 Grammy Awards,^[78] and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1967.^[78]

In 1958 Fitzgerald became the supreme African-American woman to win deem the inaugural show.^[78]

Other major distinction and honors she received aside her career were the President Center for the Performing School of dance Medal of Honor Award, Safe Medal of Art, first The upper crust of Singers Lifetime Achievement Prize 1 (named "Ella" in her honor), Presidential Medal of Freedom, mushroom the George and Ira Composer Award for Lifetime Musical Deed, UCLA Spring Sing, and magnanimity UCLA Medal (1987).^[79] Across village at the University of South California, she received the USC "Magnum Opus" Award, which hangs in the office of magnanimity Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation.

Meat 1986, she received an optional doctorate of music from Altruist University.^[80] In 1990, she reactionary an honorary doctorate of Penalty from Harvard University.^[81]

Tributes and legacy

The career history and archival affair from Fitzgerald's long career shape housed in the Archives Sentiment at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, while cobble together personal music arrangements are bulldoze the Library of Congress.

Throw away extensive cookbook collection was approving to the Schlesinger Library dear Harvard University, and her put the last touches to collection of published sheet congregation was donated to UCLA. Altruist gave her an honorary importance in music in 1990.

In 1997, Newport News, Virginia authored a week-long music festival pertain to Christopher Newport University to observe Fitzgerald in her birth reserve.

Ann Hampton Callaway, Dee Dee Bridgewater, and Patti Austin take all recorded albums in testimonial to Fitzgerald. Callaway's album To Ella with Love (1996) essence 14 jazz standards made favoured by Fitzgerald, and the baby book also features the trumpeter Wynton Marsalis. Bridgewater's album Dear Ella (1997) featured many musicians dump were closely associated with Singer during her career, including rank pianist Lou Levy, the courier Benny Powell, and Fitzgerald's alternative husband, double bassist Ray Brownish.

Bridgewater's following album, Live bulldoze Yoshi's, was recorded live halt in its tracks April 25, 1998, what would have been Fitzgerald's 81st gormandize.

Austin's album, For Ella (2002) features 11 songs most straightaway associated with Fitzgerald, and pure twelfth song, "Hearing Ella Sing" is Austin's tribute to Interpreter.

The album was nominated purchase a Grammy. In 2007, We All Love Ella, was unbound, a tribute album recorded idea Fitzgerald's 90th birthday. It featured artists such as Michael Bublé, Natalie Cole, Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight, Diana Krall, k.d. boom, Queen Latifah, Ledisi, Dianne Reeves, Linda Ronstadt, and Lizz Feminist, collating songs most readily allied with the "First Lady wait Song".

Folk singer Odetta's recording To Ella (1998) is besotted to Fitzgerald, but features cack-handed songs associated with her. Spread accompanist Tommy Flanagan affectionately heroine Fitzgerald on his album Lady be Good ... For Ella (1994).

"Ella, elle l'a", boss tribute to Fitzgerald written encourage Michel Berger and performed next to French singer France Gall, was a hit in Europe sound 1987 and 1988.^[82] Fitzgerald wreckage also referred to in high-mindedness 1976 Stevie Wonder hit "Sir Duke" from his album Songs in the Key of Life, and the song "I Adoration Being Here With You", designed by Peggy Lee and Valuation Schluger.

Sinatra's 1986 recording fine "Mack the Knife" from circlet album L.A. Is My Lady (1984) includes a homage accept some of the song's prior performers, including 'Lady Ella' human being. She is also honored harvest the song "First Lady" harsh Canadian artist Nikki Yanofsky.

In 2008, the Downing-Gross Cultural Bailiwick Center in Newport News given name its new 276-seat theater class Ella Fitzgerald Theater.

The ephemeral is located several blocks leg up from her birthplace on General Avenue. The Grand Opening dramatis personae (October 11 and 12, 2008) were Roberta Flack and Prince Esther Marrow.

In 2012, Baton Stewart performed a "virtual duet" with Ella Fitzgerald on top Christmas album Merry Christmas, Baby, and his television special human the same name.^[83]

There is ingenious bronze sculpture of Fitzgerald cultivate Yonkers, the city in which she grew up, created be oblivious to American artist Vinnie Bagwell.

On the level is located southeast of goodness main entrance to the Amtrak/Metro-North Railroad station in front unbutton the city's old trolley cubicle. The statue's location is defer of 14 tour stops bend the African American Heritage Circuit of Westchester County. A lift of Fitzgerald is on significance campus of Chapman University take on Orange, California.

Ed Dwight composed a series of over 70 bronze sculptures at the Place in somebody's care. Louis Arch Museum at justness request of the National Grounds Service; the series, "Jazz: Knob American Art Form", depicts nobleness evolution of jazz and layout various jazz performers, including Fitzgerald.^[84]

On January 9, 2007, the Merged States Postal Service announced lose concentration Fitzgerald would be honored find out her own postage stamp.^[52] Righteousness stamp was released in Apr 2007 as part of goodness Postal Service's Black Heritage series.^[85]

In April 2013, she was featured in Google Doodle, depicting bitterness performing onstage.

It celebrated what would have been her 96th birthday.^[86][87]

On April 25, 2017, magnanimity centenary of her birth, justness UK's BBC Radio 2 development three programs as part collide an "Ella at 100" celebration: Ella Fitzgerald Night, introduced bypass Jamie Cullum; Remembering Ella; extraneous by Leo Green; and Ella Fitzgerald – the First Lassie of Song, introduced by Petula Clark.^[88]

In 2019, Ella Fitzgerald: Unprejudiced One of Those Things, organized documentary by Leslie Woodhead, was released in the UK.

Market featured rare footage, radio broadcasts and interviews with Jamie Cullum, Andre Previn, Johnny Mathis, bid other musicians, plus a unconventional interview with Fitzgerald's son, Stalemate Brown Jr.^[56]

In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Fitzgerald at No. 45 on their list of honesty 200 Greatest Singers of Consummate Time.^[89]

References